Follow the evidence
to its source.
The publications below are a curated, non-exhaustive selection from the broader body of evidence we consider. Together, they highlight the scientific foundations behind our ingredient selection, formulation principles, and approach to evaluating emerging research.
across five research areas
A citation is the beginning of evaluation.
Read the population, intervention, dose, duration, comparator, outcome, and limitations before applying a result to a supplement formula.
See our evidence framework →Cellular energy & healthy aging
Human exposure, mitochondrial signaling, and form-selection research behind PQQ, NMN, and CoQ10.
PQQ stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through CREB and PGC-1α signaling
Chowanadisai W, et al. · J Biol Chem. 2010
PQQ and cognitive function in healthy adults
Itoh Y, et al. · Food Funct. 2022
Oral NMN increases blood NAD levels in healthy adults
Yi L, et al. · Front Nutr. 2022
NMN, blood NAD, walking speed, and sleep in older adults
Morifuji M, et al. · GeroScience. 2024
Ubiquinol compared with ubiquinone: plasma CoQ10 exposure
Zhang Y, et al. · J Am Coll Nutr. 2018
Brain and cell-membrane health
Research relevant to phosphatidylserine, cognition, and the membrane architecture used in ESTHELIV brain formulas.
Women's metabolic health
Evidence informing inositol identity, the myo-/D-chiro distinction, and the role of the 40:1 formulation ratio.
Microbiome & urinary wellness
Consensus definitions and clinical syntheses used to keep probiotics, prebiotics, cranberry, and synbiotic claims precise.
ISAPP consensus: appropriate use of the term probiotic
Hill C, et al. · Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014
ISAPP consensus: definition and scope of prebiotics
Gibson GR, et al. · Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017
ISAPP consensus: definition and scope of synbiotics
Swanson KS, et al. · Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020
Short-chain FOS increases fecal bifidobacteria dose-dependently
Bouhnik Y, et al. · J Nutr. 1999
Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections
Williams G, et al. · Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023
Foundational nutrients & women's oils
Form-specific research and authoritative evidence reviews relevant to magnesium and evening primrose oil.
Magnesium bisglycinate supplementation and sleep
Rawji B, et al. · Human randomized trial. 2025
Evening primrose oil for menopause hot flashes
Thevi T, et al. · J Menopausal Med. 2024
Evening primrose oil: usefulness and safety
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health · Evidence overview